Welcome

This website presents a simplified version of Bob's work on the concept he calls the Expanding Energy Continuum. He has developed this model over many years, revising and refining it as his understanding has evolved.

Working independently, free from the constraints of academic fashion, he has followed his curiosity wherever it led.

The text presented here is entirely his, with only minimal editorial intervention to support readability and navigation.

Readers are warmly invited to explore the material and form their own interpretations.

The original files in PDF format are archived here.

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: The Expanding Energy Continuum

1.1: The Universe as an Expanding Energy Continuum

• 1.1.1 Introduction
• 1.1.2 Curved Volume and the Hyper-Sphere
• 1.1.3 Mechanism of Expansion

1.2: Expansion of the Universe

• 1.2.1 Hubble's Law
• 1.2.2 Radius Vectors, Angles of Separation and Arc Distance
• 1.2.3 Expansion Velocity: Speed of Light

1.3: Overview of the Universe

• 1.3.1 Expansion of an Energy Continuum
• 1.3.2 Photon Trajectories and Expansion Ratio
• 1.3.3 Photon Transit Time
• 1.3.4 Measurement of Distance
• 1.3.5 Peculiar Velocities
• 1.3.6 Trouble with Hubble

Chapter 2: Curvature and Gravity

2.1: Shape of the Energy Continuum

• 2.1.1 Introduction

2.2: Geometry

• 2.2.1 Euclidean Geometry
• 2.2.2 Modern Geometry
• 2.2.3 Geometry of the Space-Time Continuum
• 2.2.4 The Universe as an object - not an empty space
• 2.2.5 Coordinate Systems and Frames of Reference
• 2.2.6 Universal Coordinate System

2.3: Gradient and Curvature of the Energy Continnum

• 2.3.1 Definition of Gradient and Curvature
• 2.3.2 Structural Curvature
• 2.3.3 Gradient and Curvature of the real Universe

2.4: Newtonian Gravity

• 2.4 Introduction
• 2.4.1 Displacement and Gravity
• 2.4.2 Gravitational Acceleration
• 2.4.3 Displacement
• 2.4.4 Spherical Coordinates
• 2.4.5 Gradient and Curvature in Spherical Coordinates
• 2.4.6 The Gravitational Constant
• 2.4.7 Limits to Gravity

2.5: Consequences of Gravitational Limits

• 2.5.1 Earth, Sun and Solar System
• 2.5.2 Milky Way Galaxy

Chapter 3: Modern Physics, Maths, Magic, and Misunderstanding

3.1: Introduction

• 3.1.1 Brief History

3.2: Classical Mechanics: Newton's Laws of Motion and Gravity

• 3.2 Introduction

3.3: Review of Classical Physics

• 3.3.1 Particles and Waves: Current Theories
• 3.3.2 Velocity and Motion of Particles
• 3.3.3 Moving Objects
• 3.3.4 Momentum
• 3.3.5 Inconsistencies of Modern Physics
• 3.3.6 Mass and Energy
• 3.3.7 Kinetic Energy

3.4: Equation of State of the Energy Continuum

• 3.4.1 Non-Linearity in the Continuum
• 3.4.2 Properties of the Expanding Energy Continuum

3.5: The Structure of Particles

• 3.5 Introduction
• 3.5.1 Structure of Gravitational Particles
• 3.5.2 Neutrino
• 3.5.3 Particle Volume and Energy Density
• 3.5.4 Particle Energy and Associated Constants
• 3.5.5 Neutron Spin: Intrinsic Angular Momentum
• 3.5.6 Electrons and Protons
• 3.5.7 Motion within the Energy Continuum
• 3.5.8 Force
• 3.5.9 Summary: Force, Mass and Momentum
• 3.5.10 Energy and Force Density
• 3.5.11 Particle Structure